Shuttle Pathways or systems: Glycerophosphate shuttle and Malate-aspartate shuttle August 27, 2021 Glycerophosphate shuttle Malate shuttle Malate-aspartate shuttle reducing equivalents shuttle pathway shuttle pathways shuttle system shuttle systems +
Ammonia Toxicity August 27, 2021 Ammonia Toxicity glutamate glutamate dehydrogenase glutamine glutamine synthetase Hyperammonemia ketoglutarate Mechanism of toxicity sodium benzoate toxicity of ammonia +