Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome, Gastrin, Gastrinoma

 Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome, Gastrin, Gastrinoma

Sample

1. Gastrin is unstable in the serum even on refrigeration.
2. A fasting sample is preferred.
3. Separate the serum immediately and freeze it.
4. Can store at – 70 °C for a longer period of time.

Definition

• Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is due to gastrin-secreting tumors called Gastrinomas which may be duodenal or pancreatic endocrine tumors.
• Non-beta cells of the pancreatic tumor produce a large amount of gastrin and patients suffer from ulcers.
  • Gastrin level is highly increased.
  • The gastrin leads to increased production of the acid and there is a high level of HCL which leads to multiple ulcers in the stomach and small bowel.
  • Gastrinoma may occur in the stomach, pancreas, lymph nodes mesentery.

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Pathophysiology

1. Gastrin is a potent hormone for the secretion of gastrin from gastric G cells, Proximal duodenal G cells, and pancreatic delta cells.
   1. This is under the control of vagal stimulation.
2. Gastrin has three molecular forms:
   1. Big gastrin consists of 34 amino acids, G -34.
   2. Little gastrin consists of 17 amino acids, G -17.
   3. Minigastrin consists of 14 amino acids, G -14.
3. Pentagastrin is a synthetic derivative used for the gastric function testing to see a production of HCL.
   1. Differential diagnosis of Gastrinoma can be done by giving stimulating agents like:
      1. Secretin infusion.
      2. Calcium infusion.
      3. Standard meal.
4. Gastrin production:
   1. Endocrine cells (G cell) of the antral mucosa of the stomach.
   2. The lesser amount of the G cells of proximal duodenum.
   3. A small amount from delta cells in the pancreas.

Sources of Gastrin

Gastrin for the diagnosis of gastrinoma

4. Gastrin after absorption into blood goes to the liver and stimulates the parietal cell of the stomach to produce  HCL.
   1. Gastrin is a very strong gastric acid secretion stimulant.
   2. It is more potent than histamine.
   3. Gastrin’s main role is to increase the secretion of HCL.
5. Inhibitory factors for the gastrin secretion are:
   1. High gastric acidity.
   2. The gastric inhibitory polypeptide produced by the K cells of the intestinal mucosa (middle and distal duodenum and proximal jejunum in response to foods like fats, glucose, and amino acids.
   3.  The vasoactive intestinal polypeptide produced by the H cells of the intestinal mucosa.                                                
6. Gastrin is a weaker stimulant of pepsinogen + intrinsic factor.
7. Gastrin is secreted in response to :
   1. Antral distension.
   2. Meals.
   3. Partially digested food (Proteins).
   4. Free amino acids also stimulate gastrin.

Gastrin effect on Parietal cells

7. Carbohydrates and Fats have little effect on gastrin secretion.
8. Other gastrin release stimulants are:
   1. Alcohol.
   2. Caffeine.
   3. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia.
   4. Calcium ingestion or I/V infusion.
   5. Vagal stimulation by:
      1. Smell.
      2. Tasting.
      3. Swallowing.
      4. Chewing.
9. Increased fasting gastrin level is associated with increasing age over 60 years.
10. Secretion of gastrin depends upon the pH of gastric acid (HCl):
    1. pH  5 to 7: Gastrin secretion is maximum.
    2. pH  2.5: Gastrin secretion is reduced by 80%.
    3. pH  1.0:  Maximum suppression of Gastrin production.

Gastrin and gastronemia

11. Grossly the Gastrinomas arise in the pancreas and or the wall of the duodenum.
    1. More than 50% of tumors are invasive and have already metastasized.
    2. Around 25% of the patient with gastrinoma have multiple tumors as a part of a condition called multiple endocrine neoplasia types 1 (MEN 1).
       1. MEN 1 has the tumors in the pituitary gland, and parathyroid gland in addition to the tumor of the pancreas.

Clinical Presentation

1. Patients with Zollinger–Ellison syndrome may experience abdominal pain and chronic diarrhea, including steatorrhea (fatty stools).
   1. Zollinger-syndrome is suspected when:
      1. Clinical history.
      2. Radiological evidence of ulceration.
      3. Excessive acid secretion.
2. These patients have severe ulceration of the stomach and small bowel, especially if they fail to respond to treatment.
   1. The ulcers are present in 90 to 95%.
   2. The ratio of duodenal to stomach ulcers is 6:1.
3. Other signs and symptoms are:
   1. Esophageal chest pain.
   2. Pain in the esophagus, especially between and after meals at night.
   3. Nausea.
   4. Wheezing.
   5. Hematemesis (digested blood).
   6. Malnourishment.
   7. Loss of weight due to loss of appetite.

Normal Gastrin Level

Source 1 

Age	pg/mL
Cord blood	20 to 290
0 to 4 days	120 to 183
Child	<10 to 125
Adult
60 to 90 years	25 to 90
>60 years	<100

• To convert into Si units x 1.0 = ng/L

Source 2

• 0 to 180 pg/mL
• Levels are higher in old people.

Other sources

• Fasting level-up to 100 ng/L.
• Older people over 60 years = 100 to 800 ng/L.
• Adult = 0 to 180 ng/L.
• Child = 0 to 125 ng/L.
• The level fluctuates during the day:
  • Highest during the daytime.
    • Highest after the meal.
  • The lowest level from 3.00 to 7.00 am.

Diagnosis Of Gastrinoma 

1. Raised level of Gastrin (Hypergastrinemia).
2. Fasting gastrin level is markedly raised from 2 to 2000 times normal.
3. Gastrin level of 1000 ng/L is diagnostic.

Gastrin secretion

Management

1. Surgical removal of the tumor.
2. Medical management: Proton pump inhibitors to reduce acid secretion.
3. Totally resected tumors have a good prognosis and syndrome may disappear.
4. Patients with liver metastasis have a poor prognosis